Group 2 Material In English

YdBTfrpM/Vhkmd8rum3I/AAAAAAAABlg/Zj8A99kT5-o/s1600/M1.JPG' alt='Group 2 Material In English' title='Group 2 Material In English' />Wealth Wikipedia. Wealth is the abundance of valuableresources or valuable material possessions. This includes the core meaning as held in the originating old English word weal, which is from an Indo European word stem. An individual, community, region or country that possesses an abundance of such possessions or resources to the benefit of the common good is known as wealthy. The modern concept of wealth is of significance in all areas of economics, and clearly so for growth economics and development economics yet the meaning of wealth is context dependent. At the most general level, economists may define wealth as anything of value that captures both the subjective nature of the idea and the idea that it is not a fixed or static concept. Various definitions and concepts of wealth have been asserted by various individuals and in different contexts. Defining wealth can be a normative process with various ethical implications, since often wealth maximization is seen as a goal or is thought to be a normative principle of its own. The United Nations definition of inclusive wealth is a monetary measure which includes the sum of natural, human, and physical assets. Natural capital includes land, forests, Energy resources, and minerals. Human capital is the populations education and skills. Physical or manufactured capital includes such things as machinery, buildings, and infrastructure. Adam Smith, in his seminal work The Wealth of Nations, described wealth as the annual produce of the land and labour of the society. East of the web short stories, ebooks, interactive. The Lancashire Grid for Learning provides a variety of educational resources, content and managed services to support schools in maximising the benefits of technology. This produce is, at its simplest, that which satisfies human needs and wants of utility. In popular usage, wealth can be described as an abundance of items of economic value, or the state of controlling or possessing such items, usually in the form of money, real estate and personal property. An individual who is considered wealthy, affluent, or rich is someone who has accumulated substantial wealth relative to others in their society or reference group. In economics, net worth refers to the value of assets owned minus the value of liabilities owed at a point in time. Wealth can be categorized into three principal categories personal property, including homes or automobiles monetary savings, such as the accumulation of past income and the capital wealth of income producing assets, including real estate, stocks, bonds, and businesses. All these delineations make wealth an especially important part of social stratification. Wealth provides a type of individual safety net of protection against an unforeseen decline in ones living standard in the event of job loss or other emergency and can be transformed into home ownership, business ownership, or even a college education. Wealth has been defined as a collection of things limited in supply, transferable, and useful in satisfying human desires. Scarcity is a fundamental factor for wealth. When a desirable or valuable commodity transferable good or skill is abundantly available to everyone, the owner of the commodity will possess no potential for wealth. J6KrNlQFuA/Vanx7vRyOYI/AAAAAAAABk4/43zfbNdvHyA/s1600/TNPsC%2BGroup%2B2%2BInterview%2BPosts%2BHall%2BTicket%2BDownload%2B-%2Btnpscguru.in.png' alt='Group 2 Material In English' title='Group 2 Material In English' />The Purdue University Online Writing Lab serves writers from around the world and the Purdue University Writing Lab helps writers on Purdues campus. An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, society, culture or nation. The Online Writing Lab OWL at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and they provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at. When a valuable or desirable commodity is in scarce supply, the owner of the commodity will possess great potential for wealth. Wealth refers to some accumulation of resources net asset value, whether abundant or not. Richness refers to an abundance of such resources income or flow. A wealthy individual, community, or nation thus has more accumulated resources capital than a poor one. The opposite of wealth is destitution. The opposite of richness is poverty. The term implies a social contract on establishing and maintaining ownership in relation to such items which can be invoked with little or no effort and expense on the part of the owner. The concept of wealth is relative and not only varies between societies, but varies between different sections or regions in the same society. A personal net worth of US 1. United States would certainly not place a person among the wealthiest citizens of that locale. However, such an amount would constitute an extraordinary amount of wealth in impoverished developing countries. Concepts of wealth also vary across time. Modern labor saving inventions and the development of the sciences have vastly improved the standard of living in modern societies for even the poorest of people. This comparative wealth across time is also applicable to the future given this trend of human advancement, it is possible that the standard of living that the wealthiest enjoy today will be considered impoverished by future generations. Industrialization emphasized the role of technology. Many jobs were automated. Machines replaced some workers while other workers became more specialized. Labour specialization became critical to economic success. However, physical capital, as it came to be known, consisting of both the natural capital and the infrastructural capital, became the focus of the analysis of wealth. Adam Smith saw wealth creation as the combination of materials, labour, land, and technology in such a way as to capture a profit excess above the cost of production. The theories of David Ricardo, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, in the 1. Marxian economics see labor theory of value distinguishes in the Grundrisse between material wealth and human wealth, defining human wealth as wealth in human relations land and labour were the source of all material wealth. The German cultural historian Silvio Vietta links wealthpoverty to rationality. Having a leading position in the development of rational sciences, in new technologies and in economic production leads to wealth, while the opposite can be correlated with poverty. Wealth creationeditBillionaires1. Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett, Elon Musk, Charlie Munger and others advice the following principles of wealth creation Use of science1. Accumulation of valuableassets3. Entrepreneurship and starting your own business3. Amount of wealth in the worldeditThe wealth of households amounts to USD 2. The U. S. net worth of 1. Switzerlands USD 0. The Credit Suisse Wealth Report mid 2. USD 4,0. 00 in assets to be within the wealthiest 5. However, at least USD 7. USD 7. 53,0. 00 to belong to the most wealthy 1. Tim Harford has asserted that a small child has greater wealth than the 2 billion poorest people in the world combined, since a small child has no debt. Philosophical analysiseditIn Western civilization, wealth is connected with a quantitative type of thought, invented in the ancient Greek revolution of rationality, involving for instance the quantitative analysis of nature, the rationalization of warfare, and measurement in economics. The invention of coined money and banking was particularly important. Aristotle describes the basic function of money as a universal instrument of quantitative measurement for it measures all things making things alike and comparable due to a social agreement of acceptance. Queen The Miracle Rar. In that way, money also enables a new type of economic society and the definition of wealth in measurable quantities. In the Roman Empire, just as in modern colonialism, the main force behind the conquest of countries was the exploitation and accumulation of wealth in quantitative values like gold and money. Modern philosophers like Nietzsche criticized the fixation on measurable wealth Unsere Reichen das sind die rmstenEthnic group Wikipedia. An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, society, culture or nation. Ethnicity is usually an inherited status based on the society in which one lives. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, and physical appearance. Ethnic groups, derived from the same historical founder population, often continue to speak related languages and share a similar gene pool. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is sometimes possible for individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group and become part of another except for ethnic groups emphasizing racial purity as a key membership criterion. Ethnicity is often used synonymously with ambiguous terms such as nation or people. In English, it can also have the connotation of something exotic cf. White ethnic, ethnic restaurant, etc., generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, who arrived after the founding population of an area was established. The largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals Han Chinese being the largest, while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals numerous indigenous peoples worldwide. Larger ethnic groups may be subdivided into smaller sub groups known variously as tribes or clans, which over time may become separate ethnic groups themselves due to endogamy or physical isolation from the parent group. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan ethnicity, and may eventually merge into one single ethnicity. Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis. TerminologyeditThe term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ethnos more precisely, from the adjective ethnikos,3 which was loaned into Latin as ethnicus. The inherited English language term for this concept is folk, used alongside the latinate people since the late Middle English period. In Early Modern English and until the mid 1. Christianoikumene, as the Septuagint used ta ethne the nations to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations, non Hebrews, non Jews. The Greek term in early antiquity Homeric Greek could refer to any large group, a host of men, a band of comrades as well as a swarm or flock of animals. In Classical Greek, the term took on a meaning comparable to the concept now expressed by ethnic group, mostly translated as nation, people only in Hellenistic Greek did the term tend to become further narrowed to refer to foreign or barbarous nations in particular whence the later meaning heathen, pagan. In the 1. Greek meaning. The sense of different cultural groups, and in American English racial, cultural or national minority group arises in the 1. The abstract ethnicity had been used for paganism in the 1. The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1. Oxford English Dictionary in 1. Depending on the context that is used, the term nationality may either be used synonymously with ethnicity, or synonymously with citizenship in a sovereign state. The process that results in the emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, a term in use in ethnological literature since about 1. Depending on which source of group identity is emphasized to define membership, the following types of often mutually overlapping groups can be identified In many cases for instance, the sense of Jewish peoplehood  more than one aspect determines membership. Definitions and conceptual historyeditEthnography begins in classical antiquity after early authors like Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus in ca. BC laid the foundation of both historiography and ethnography of the ancient world. The Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus 8. 1. 44. Greek Hellenic ethnic identity in his day, enumeratingshared descent homaimon, of the same blood,8shared language homoglsson, speaking the same language9shared sanctuaries and sacrifices Greek then hidrumata te koina kai thusiai1. Greek thea homotropa, customs of like fashion. Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. According to Challenges of Measuring an Ethnic World Science, politics, and reality, in Challenges of Measuring an Ethnic World Science, Politics and Reality  Proceedings of the Joint Canada United States Conference on the Measurement of Ethnicity, April 13, 1. Joint Canada United States Conference on the Measurement of Ethnicity, Department of Commerce, Statistics Canada, 1. Statistics Canada and the United States Census Bureau April 13, 1. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists. Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently. One is between primordialism and instrumentalism. In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as an externally given, even coercive, social bond. The instrumentalist approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status. This debate is still an important point of reference in Political science, although most scholars approaches fall between the two poles. The second debate is between constructivism and essentialism. Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old. Essentialists view such identities as ontological categories defining social actors, and not the result of social action. According to Eriksen, these debates have been superseded, especially in anthropology, by scholars attempts to respond to increasingly politicised forms of self representation by members of different ethnic groups and nations. This is in the context of debates over multiculturalism in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post colonialism in the Caribbean and South Asia. Max Weber maintained that ethnic groups were knstlich artificial, i. Gemeinschaft community. Secondly, this belief in shared Gemeinschaft did not create the group the group created the belief. Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolise power and status. This was contrary to the prevailing naturalist belief of the time, which held that socio cultural and behavioral differences between peoples stemmed from inherited traits and tendencies derived from common descent, then called race.